Fundamentals and advances of electrochromic systems: a review

Abstract

Electrochromic (EC) materials as one of the known types of smart materials have found many applications and therefore have recently been considered by many researchers and industries. Herein, after classifying these materials based on various properties such as chemical structure, optical properties, color, and applications explains how the EC-based systems work. Also, by introducing the widely used analyses in this field along with the different parameters and properties derived from them, using different examples from previous research, discusses the principles and advances of EC. Guidelines for further investigations are outlined.